![: Icebreaker Des Groseilliers in the Arctic Ocean, 1997.](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/20240627-urbasos-las-sanciones-occidentales-sobre-metaneros-rompehielos-detienen-la-expansion-energetica-de-rusia-en-el-artico-368x240.jpg)
Themes
International trade
![: Icebreaker Des Groseilliers in the Arctic Ocean, 1997.](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/20240627-urbasos-las-sanciones-occidentales-sobre-metaneros-rompehielos-detienen-la-expansion-energetica-de-rusia-en-el-artico-368x240.jpg)
![Aerial view of Etihad Towers and Emirates Palace Hotel in west Abu Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates, one of the most influential countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/20240226-ari25-amirah-arnal-abu-dabi-consejo-cooperacion-del-golfo-368x240.jpg)
Economic and financial relations between Spain and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf: an initial assessment
![A plug in tank cap used for charging and refuelling of an electric car at an electric station](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/20240409-feas-et-al-coche-electrico-368x240.jpg)
The economics and geopolitics of electric cars: a European perspective
![Beijing central business district area with the China World Trade Center and China Zun (CITIC Tower) at dusk. WTO reform](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/20240222-ari23-garciaherrero-china-wto-reform-368x240.jpg)
China and WTO reform: what to expect?
![Close-up of the edge of a five-euro banknote. Economic security](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/20231128-steinberg-wolff-eu-economic-security-368x240.jpg)
Dealing with Europe’s Economic (in-)security
![Loading of containers in the port of Algeciras, Cadiz (Spain). The exports belong to the external private sector of the Spanish economy](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/20231018-hidalgosteinbergari-cambios-en-el-sector-exterior-espanol-1-368x240.jpg)
Changes in the Spanish private sector: are they sustainable and has there been a change in the productive model?
![Satellite image of the Maghreb on the flag of China.](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/elkadi062123ari-china-in-the-maghreb-368x240.jpg)
China in the Maghreb: engagement, perceptions and prospects
![Transatlantic trends. President Joe Biden hosts a virtual meeting with labour and business leaders to discuss the benefits of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) on 4 August 2022, in the South Court Auditorium of the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230522-ari43-benson-ira-transatlantic-trends-368x240.jpg)
The geopolitics of economic and climate security: transatlantic trends
![](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/feas020123arisp-la-guerra-tecnologica-eeuu-china-y-sus-efectos-sobre-europa-368x240.jpg)
The US-China technology war and its effects on Europe
![EU-Taiwan relations. Chiang Kai-shek memorial hall in Taipei](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/eu-taiwan-relations-continue-to-expand-in-the-framework-of-the-one-china-policy-368x240.jpg)
EU-Taiwan relations continue to expand in the framework of the One China Policy
![“No to cuts” signs at a demonstration against austerity measures in Valencia, Spain (2012)](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/20220621-ari45-steinberg-tamames-austeridad-368x240.jpg)
A return to austerity in Europe: feasible or fictional?
![EU-Japan Summit 2014](https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/20220325-ari24-eu-japan-368x240.jpg)