Recent research identifies weak institutions as a leading cause of the under-performance of developing economies. But in low-income economies institutions reflect political incentives rather than mould them, so this paper analyses how political incentives are shaped by commodity revenue.
Climate change is unequivocal and Spain is one of the most vulnerable countries within the EU. The consequences for the Spanish economy will vary depending on the sector analysed. Tourism, the construction sector and the insurance sector stand to lose if mitigation and adaptation are further delayed.
Apart from China, there are two other large energy consumers in North-East Asia: Japan and South Korea. This Working Paper briefly addresses the position and energy forecasts for the two countries. It proceeds to analyse the strategic responses of Tokyo and Seoul to the deterioration (whether perceived or real) of their energy security, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
Since the beginning of this century, Latin America has become an increasingly important region on the world’s geopolitical map. Several economic and political features define Latin America’s current geopolitical situation and set it apart from other episodes of the region’s history.
Exxon Mobil’s conflict with PDVSA has revived Hugo Chávez’s perennial threat to cut off oil exports to the US.
This article revisits the multifaceted issue of energy security and analyses its various permutations, degrees of risk and political and economic implications in the short, medium and long run.
This ARI assesses the implications of the recent resurgence of oil nationalism on the international oil companies, the national oil corporations and energy security concerns.
In early June China unveiled its National Plan for Climate Change, a document which has generated some controversy.
The present paper will introduce the debate with respect to action taken to mitigate climate change, its characteristics and challenges in the context of global, EU and Spanish actions.
This second part of the analysis concentrates on Chávez’s use of PdVSA to promote his social, political and geopolitical aims and the implications of this (ab)use for the future of the Venezuelan oil sector.
The recent oil price boom has generated unprecedented revenue for the Venezuelan government. However, it is far from clear that Hugo Chávez’s oil policy will ultimately benefit the broad masses of Venezuelans, to say nothing of the billons of energy consumers around the world.
In this analysis it examines the ‘Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security’ and the three main problems that this declaration seeks to address.
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