This publication of the SSI of the U.S Army War College addresses the security, stability, transition, and reconstruction missions that place the most pressure on interagency communication and coordination.
DI - 21/11/2007
The European Defence Agency (EDA) approved this framework for a European Defence Research & Technology strategy (EDRT) strategy on 19 November.
DI - 12/11/2007
The ninth edition of the Landmine Monitor reports on the global landmine situation and scrutinizes the implementation of and compliance with the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty. According to this, many states are not on course to meet their Mine Ban Treaty mine clearance obligations.
The resolution adopted by the Security Council –as its 5500th meeting on 31 July- demanded a suspension of Iran’s nuclear enrichment and reprocessing activities, including research and development, and gave it one month to do so or face the possibility of economic and diplomatic sanctions (Chapter VII of UN Charter) to give effect to its decision
The Legal Affairs Committee of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) has presented this document which shows collusion of the Council of Europe member states with the U.S. clandestine “spider’s web” of disappearances, secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers. The committee said hundreds of persons had become entrapped in this web – in some cases when they were merely suspected of sympathising with a presumed terrorist organisation. (See also Draft Resolution and recommendation)
The Weapons of Mass Destruction Commision (WMDC) -chaired by Hans Blix- has presented this report to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. The document analyses the threats under which the world is living today -above all, 27 000 nuclear weapons and efforts by individual states and perhaps terrorist groups to develop or obtain different kinds of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. It also contains sixty concrete proposals on how the world could be freed of weapons of terror
The Resolution 1679 adopted by the Security Council –as its 5439th meeting on 16 May- calls for deployment on the ground of a joint UN – Africa Union (AU) team towards establishing a United Nations peacekeeping force in Sudan’s war-torn Darfur region. This force would take over from the AU mission (AMIS) now monitoring the region
United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan report -presented to the 191 members of the General Assembly on 2 May- includes recommendations for a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy and the reinforcement of the UN capacities based on five “D’s”: dissuading people from resorting to terrorism or supporting it; denying terrorists the means to carry out an attack; deterring states from supporting terrorism; developing State capacity to defeat terrorism; and defending human rights
The Fund for Peace, an independent research organisation, and FOREIGN POLICY magazine have presented the second annual Failed States Index. Using 12 social, economic, political and military indicators, it ranks 148 states in order of their vulnerability to violent internal conflict and societal dysfunction
The Resolution 1667 (2006) adopted by the Security Council -as its 5406th meeting on 31 March 2006- extends the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) until 30 September 2006. This reaffirms intention to authorize Secretary-General to redeploy troops between UN Mission in Liberia and Operation in the Ivory Coast as needed. The Council also prolonged the temporary increase in UNMIL’s staffing ceiling to a total of 15,250 military personnel until that same date to ensure that the support provided to the special court trying war crimes in Sierra Leone did not reduce UNMIL’s strength in Liberia during its critical transition period following a long and brutal civil war
United Nations Security Council -through a statement read out by its President César Mayoral (Argentina)- called upon Iran to re-establish full and sustained suspension of all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities, including research and development, in a manner that is verified by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This condition “would contribute to a diplomatic, negotiated solution that guarantees Iran’s nuclear programme is for exclusively peaceful purposes”. The Council also requested a report from the IAEA in 30 days to monitor Iranian compliance with its requirements
President George W. Bush presented a New National Security Strategy for the US on 16 March 2006. The new strategy backs the policy of pre-emptive war and singles out Iran as the greatest single current danger. It also stresses US preference for "transformational diplomacy" and coalition building, but not necessarily within United Nations or Nato frameworks. This document also highlights a string of other global issues such as the spread of Aids, the threat of pandemic flu and the prospect of natural and environmental disasters
United States and India Joint Statement (2 March 2006). President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh reaffirm their commitment to expand the ties between their two countries in the following areas: international economy and trade, energy security, environment, innovation and knowledge economy, global safety and security
The conference provided an opportunity for the Government of Afghanistan to present its Interim National Development Strategy which sets out its political and economic plans and priorities for the next five years. It was also an occasion for the international community to renew its political and financial commitment in support of the Strategy, and of the goals agreed in the Compact. The following represent conclusions agreed by the three co-chairs of the Conference (Afghanistan, UK, UN)
The present joint report is submitted by five holders of mandates of special procedures of the Commission on Human Rights who have been jointly following the situation of detainees held at theUnited States Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay since June 2004.
The key issues of the 42 Munich Conference on Security Policy were the future of NATO and the nuclear conflict with Iran. The views and opinions of the 300 participants were mostly harmonious. The Iranian delegation, however, gave a discordant note to the symphony played by the major states. They had to justify the aggressive attitude their president had displayed in the nuclear conflict.
“The United States is a nation engaged in what will be a long war. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, our Nation has fought a global war against violent extremists who use terrorism as their weapon of choice, and who seek to destroy our free way of life. Our enemies seek weapons of mass destruction and, if they are successful, will likely attempt to use them in their confl ict with free people everywhere. Currently, the struggle is centered in Iraq and Afghanistan, but we will need to be prepared and arranged to successfully defend our Nation and its interests around the globe for years to come. Th is 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review is submitted in the fifth year of this long war."
The IAEA Board of Governors passed a resolution requesting the IAEA Director General to report to the UN Security Council all IAEA reports and resolutions, as adopted, relating to the implementation of safeguards in Iran. The Resolution was adopted by vote of 27 in favour, 3 against and 5 abstentions
Certain Chinese defense enterprises are designing and producing a wide range of increasingly advanced weapons that, in the short term, are relevant to the Chinese military’s ability to prosecute a possible conflict over Taiwan but also to China’s long-term military presence in Asia. This study puts forward an alternative approach to assessing China’s defense-industrial capabilities: From the vantage point of 2005, it is time to shift the focus of research to the gradual improvements in and the future potential of China’s defense-industrial complex.
The following document articulates the broad strategy President Bush set forth in 2003 and provides an update on american progress as well as the challenges remaining. “The United States has no intention of determining the precise form of Iraq’s new government. That choice belongs to the Iraqi people. Yet, we will ensure that one brutal dictator is not replaced by another. All Iraqis must have a voice in the new government, and all citizens must have their rights protected. Rebuilding Iraq will require a sustained commitment from many nations, including our own: we will remain in Iraq as long as necessary, and not a day more.”
President Bush Speech at the United States Naval Academy. “Iraqis know their people, they know their language, and they know their culture -- and they know who the terrorists are. Iraqi forces are earning the trust of their countrymen -- who are willing to help them in the fight against the enemy. As the Iraqi forces grow in number, they're helping to keep a better hold on the cities taken from the enemy. And as the Iraqi forces grow more capable, they are increasingly taking the lead in the fight against the terrorists. Our goal is to train enough Iraqi forces so they can carry the fight -- and this will take time and patience. And it's worth the time, and it's worth the effort – because Iraqis and Americans share a common enemy, and when that enemy is defeated in Iraq, Americans will be safer here at home”
Recent terrorist attacks in England, Iraq, Turkey and elsewhere, as well as the anniversaries of 9/11 four years ago and of the Beslan school massacre last year have all been stark reminders that the fight against terrorism must remain high on the Alliance’s agenda. Terrorism has not always figured so prominently among NATO’s security concerns (NATO Review, Autumn 2005)
Manipulation of the Oil-for-Food-Programme by the Iraqi Regime
Following 6 years of international economic sanctions, Iraq resumed its export of crude oil in December 1996 under the Oil-for-Food-Programme. It was a basic assumption of the Programme that Iraq –not the United Nations- would choose its old buyers. Yet the decisions to allow Iraq to choose its buyers empowered Iraq with economic and political leverage to advance its broader interest in overturning the sanctions regime. Iraq selected oil recipients in order to influence foreign policy and international public opinion in its favour.
Europe, as well as the United States and Canada, still face serious security threats. Longstanding security challenges such as failed states, transnational crime and internal and regional conflicts continue to threaten European interests. At the same time, Europe and its North American allies are grappling with the rise of a new brand of international terrorism born of extremism and new dangers associated with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. This new set of security challenges coupled with the European Union’s political development makes further integration in the defense domain a logical next step.
In a world where war, terrorism and humanitarian crises can seem all-pervasive, the Human Security Report offers a rare message of hope. Drawing on research from around the world, this farranging study reveals that for more than three decades positive changes have been quietly taking place. The Human Security Report argues that peace and development are two sides of the same coin—that equitable development helps build security, while war is ‘development in reverse’.
Text of the Draft Iraqi Constitution
The complete collection of maps from Carnegie's. The first five maps reflect the worldwide proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and their missile delivery systems. The country maps show the major nuclear installations, both civilian and military, in each country.
The Iraq Index is a statistical compilation of economic and security data made by The Brookings Institution. This resource will provide updated information on various criteria, including crime, telephone and water service, troop fatalities, unemployment, Iraqi security forces, oil production, and coalition troop strength (Updated August, 25, 2005)
The Iraqi Constitutional Drafting Commission has formed six subcommittees to draft the various sections of the text. One of those subcommittees is devoted to the second chapter of the constitution, focusing on rights, freedoms, and duties. The various subcommittees will each complete a section of the draft; an additional subcommittee is working to coordinate among the groups. Thus, this draft bill of rights is not only rough but also preliminary: it has not yet been formally approved by the Commission.
The information presented in this dossier provides a unique insight into the human consequences of the US-led invasion of Iraq. War has many costs – social, economic, and political. But the loss of life and limb is the most immediate and profound cost. This dossier focuses on the 67,365 civilians (most of them Iraqi citizens) who have been reported killed or wounded during the first two years of the ongoing conflict, up to 19 March 2005.
The UK’s armed forces and police have gained invaluable experience and expertise in counterterrorism through three decades of involvement in the effort to suppress terrorism in Northern Ireland and its overspill into the British mainland. It is hardly surprising that this understandable preoccupation with terrorism related to Northern Ireland diverted the attention of Britain’s intelligence agencies away from international terrorism. Until 7 July 2005 the only significant international terrorist attack on the UK homeland which MI5 and MI6 and the police had to deal with was the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie in December 1988, but once the US and UK authorities had completed their investigation of the Lockerbie bombing and indicted two Libyan agents in 1991, British counter-terrorism efforts were almost entirely concentrated on the IRA’s bombing campaign, and then, in the late 1990s, on combating the hard-line opponents of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement who continued to employ terrorism.
“If our commanders on the ground say we need more troops, I will send them. But our commanders tell me they have the number of troops they need to do their job. Sending more Americans would undermine our strategy of encouraging Iraqis to take the lead in this fight. And sending more Americans would suggest that we intend to stay forever, when we are, in fact, working for the day when Iraq can defend itself and we can leave. As we determine the right force level, our troops can know that I will continue to be guided by the advice that matters: the sober judgment of our military leaders.”
Iran's influence in Iraq has been one of the most talked about but least understood aspects of the post-war situation. Tehran has been variously accused by Washington of undue and nefarious interference, by Arab leaders of seeking to establish an Islamic Republic, and by prominent Iraqi officials of an array of illegitimate meddling (manipulating elections, supporting the insurgency, infiltrating the country). In reality, as Crisis Group discovered during months of extensive research in Iran and Iraq, the evidence of attempted destabilising Iranian intervention is far less extensive and clear than is alleged; the evidence of successful destabilising intervention less extensive and clear still.
Better ways are needed to understand how terrorist groups become more effective and dangerous. Learning is the link between what a group wants to do and its ability to actually do it; therefore, a better understanding of group learning might contribute to the design of better measures for combating terrorism. This study analyzes current understanding of group learning and the factors that influence it and outlines a framework that should be useful in present analytical efforts and for identifying areas requiring further study.
A high-level conference convened by the NATO Secretary General in Brussels on 14 April focused on the political and military transformation of NATO, “two sides of the same coin”. In his remarks summing up the conference, the Secretary General stressed that political and military transformation had to proceed in step in the Alliance in order to allow NATO to carry out its full spectrum of missions effectively.
After the liberation of Iraq from the Ba’athist regime of Saddam Hussein, the country has embarked on a transition towards democracy. The successful establishment and consolidation of democracy will be determined by various factors. A core component of this will be popular legitimization of democracy as a system of governance. Young people are a major portion of Iraq's eligible voters (63.1%)1, and their beliefs and attitudes will have a decisive impact on the country’s democratization. University students represent the most-educated tier of Iraq’s young men and women. The prospect of democracy in Iraq largely rests on the shoulders of these students, as they will be the future leaders and policy makers of this country. How young Iraqi men and women voted and how they will vote rests on their, as of yet, largely unexplored beliefs and attitudes. In order to explore these beliefs and attitudes, the Iraqi Prospect Organization surveyed a nationally representative, stratified, probability sample of 834 Iraqi university students about their attitudes towards democracy.
“We conclude that the Intelligence Community was dead wrong in almost all of its pre-war judgements about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. This was a major intelligence failure. Its principal causes were the intelligence Community’s inability to collect good information about Iraq’s WMD programs, serious errors in analyzing what information it could gather, and a failure to make clear just how much of its analysis was based on assumptions, rather than good evidence”
In developing Universal Compliance the authors started from the premise that the United States cannot solve the nuclear proliferation challenge alone. The strategy that will stand the greatest chance of success is one that enjoys the greatest possible degree of international support. And the way to get that support was not to tell others what we think are the best policies and urge them to support them, but rather to ask how they would define the challenges, what policies they think would be most effective, and how they would improve upon suggestions we were making. This document represents the authors' best sense of a strategy and related policies that would heed President George W. Bush’s injunction that “the nations of the world must do all we can to secure and eliminate nuclear…materials.” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Paper, March, 2005)
The key issues of the 42 Munich Conference on Security Policy were the future of NATO and the nuclear conflict with Iran. The views and opinions of the 300 participants were mostly harmonious. The Iranian delegation, however, gave a discordant note to the symphony played by the major states. They had to justify the aggressive attitude their president had displayed in the nuclear conflict.
With luck, Iran’s acquisition of nuclear weapons could be delayed through a combination of Iranian technical difficulties, U.S. military action, and European diplomacy. However, neither delay nor regime change would remove the causes of proliferation pressures in Iran. Iran needs to be assured that the U.S. will respect its autonomy if it ceases nuclear weapons development, while Iran’s neighbours need to be reassured that Tehran will respect their interests. Arab governments are reluctant to join in a regional security dialogue in part because of Washington’s double standard regarding Israel’s nuclear arsenal and treatment of Palestinians. To mobilize all of the international actors opposing Iranian nuclear development, the U.S. must recognize that Iranian proliferation, Persian Gulf security, the U.S. role in the Middle East, Israel’s nuclear status, and Palestinian-Israeli relations are all linked and cannot be resolved without a more balanced U.S. stance. (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief, 34, February 2005)
Iraq’s newly elected National Assembly will soon take up its major task of drafting a permanent constitution. The task is to be completed in time to submit the draft constitution to a national plebiscite by October 15, 2005. Constitutions are rarely written during calm times. Countries rarely feel any pressure to redesign their basic institutions unless they are confronting crisis. There are some exceptions, of course—in fact, one of the major obstacles to the development of constitutionalism in the Arab world is that constitutions were written under conditions of insufficient turmoil. Thus, Iraq is departing somewhat from patterns in the Arab world—and instead emulating some broader international patterns—by attempting to write a constitution as an act of political reconstruction. Indeed, with Iraq still under occupation and a violent insurgency in full force, it is difficult to think of more difficult circumstances for deliberating over basic matters of governance, politics, and identity.
The World Economic Forum has published a list of the Global Risks at a Glance: Economical, Geopolitical, Societal and Environmental Risks
The Committee is tasked with collecting and examining information relating to all aspects of the administration and management of the Oil-For-Food Programme, from its inception to its transfer to the Coalition Provisional Authority, including allegations of fraud and corruption on the part of United Nations officials, personnel, and agents, as well as the contractors of the United Nations or Iraq under the Programme
Iraq's Shia Muslims and Kurds have turned out in force for the country’s first elections since the toppling of Saddam Hussein. The insurgents have failed in their bid to wreck the elections, though they are unlikely to go away soon
Iraq had no WMD in March 2003, and probably did not have any for most of the preceding decade. Dual containment failed because mounting evidence suggests that Iran is the country that has made significant advances in developing non-conventional weapons, so much so that some experts see the country’s emergence as the Middle East’s second nuclear power (after Israel) as likely within two or three years. (Article by Joost R. Hiltermann, Middle East Project director for the International Crisis Group in Amman)
The global war on terror is diverting the world's attention from the central causes of instability, reports the Worldwatch Institute in its annual State of the World 2005. Acts of terror and the dangerous reactions they provoke are symptomatic of underlying sources of global insecurity, including the perilous interplay among poverty, infectious disease, environmental degradation, and rising competition over oil and other resources
The representatives of the member countries of the Paris Club met from November 17 to November 21 and agreed on November 21, 2004 with the representatives of the Republic of Iraq on a comprehensive debt treatment of the public external debt owned to them providing a total amount of debt reduction of 80% in three phases
A joint publication of OSI and the United Nations Foundation, this November 2004 report examines the coalition's record during occupation and provides benchmarks on how best to approach the shared goal of a more stable and peaceful Iraq.
Since last fall, a worrying new front has emergend in the still tense relationship between the United States and Europe. The front lies not in the Middle East, but in China. The idea that the EU leaders might lift their arms embargo on China in December is a deep source of concern, not only for US Policy makers, but also for many of their European counterparts
A new Working Paper published by the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) and the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) with contributions by Didier Bigo, Jeremy Shapiro and Andrei Fedorov
There are three possible scenarios for Iraq in the 18-month transitional period which began with the handover of power on 28 June 2004. If the Iraqi interim Government or its successors fail to assert control over the country and/or its members quarrell with each other and the US, the country could progressively fall apart, or fragment. Alternatively, Iraq could hold together under the auspices of the transitional Government, provided this has real power, a national security force begins to take shape, and the US presence is supportive but not overbearing. In addition, transnational or regional dynamics could overtake Iraq, such that it becomes simply the epicentre of a broader reconfiguring of Sunni/Shi'a Arab/iranian and Kurdish geopolitics -a "regional remake"
Trakling variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan
Although Iraq’s governing institutions lack adequate capacity and negative trends dominate security, jobs, and services like electricity and sewage, Iraqis themselves remain optimistic, according to a new CSIS report
The Iraq Index is a statistical compilation of economic and security data made by The Brookings Institution. This resource will provide updated information on various criteria, including crime, telephone and water service, troop fatalities, unemployment, Iraqi security forces, oil production, and coalition troop strength
September 9/11, 2001, was a day of unprecedented shock and suffering in the history of the United States. The nation was unprepared. How did this happen, and how can we avoid such tragedy again? To answer these questions, the Congress and the President created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
Annual report by the US Department of Defense on the military power of the People's Republic of China and the modernisation process which its armed forces are currently undergoing
The unexpected turnover of Iraqi sovereignty on June 28 -- two days ahead of schedule -- came at the request of Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi, who believed it would strengthen his hand against the terrorists and insurgents who are inflicting havoc on his country
Javier Solana, EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, made the following remarks on the occasion of the NATO Summit in Istanbul and during a bilateral meeting with Secretary General Jaap De Hoop Scheffer after NATO decision to terminate the SFOR mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Presentation by John Chipman, Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), of its International Strategic Report
The Directory of Development Organizations 2004 has been prepared to facilitate international cooperation and knowledge sharing in development work, both among NGOs, research institutions, governments and private sector organizations
Despite the rising death toll of American fighting men and women in Iraq and continued news coverage of insurrection and anger against Americans in that country, a majority of Americans remain convinced that U.S. involvement in Iraq has been worth it so far, and that sending troops there was not a mistake (From Gallup News Service)
Declaration by the European Council of 25 March as a result of the terrorist attacks in Madrid. The Union and its member States declare their commitment to do all in their power to combat any form of terrorism in accordance with the Union's fundamental principles and the provisions of the UN Charter
A year after the war in Iraq, discontent with America and its policies has intensified rather than diminished. Opinion of the United States in France and Germany is at least as negative now as at the war’s conclusion, and British views are decidedly more critical. Perceptions of American unilateralism remain widespread in European and Muslim nations, and the war in Iraq has undermined America’s credibility abroad
In addition to drug trafficking and the activities of the guerilla groups operating in Colombia's border areas -which have serious repercussions on the Andean region-, there is a further issue which has drawn the attention of analysts of the Colombian conflict: the smuggling of small arms and light weaponry. The latter has increased enormously in the area and has become one of the main problems faced by the country. The US-based RAND Corporation has issued a study, released in late 2003, which makes a thorough analysis of this phenomenon and its consequences for both Colombia and its neighbours.
On 23 January, US troops arrested Hassan Ghul in Baghdad. He was accused of being a member of the terrorist organization al-Qaida. During the same operation, a computer belonging to Ghul was found to have a file supposedly written by Al Zarqawi, a Jordanian rebel with links to al-Qaida, in which he advocated the fomenting of confrontations between Shiites and Sunnites as part of a strategy of destabilization that would lead to the outbreak of civil war in Iraq. The document was made public on Monday, 9 February by the US authorities although its authenticity is still being verified
'Waging war is no excuse for ignoring human rights'. With these words, Kenneth Roth, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch (HRW), presented on 26 January the World Report 2004: Human Rights and Armed Conflict, a compilation of 15 studies on a variety of topics related to war and human rights. The report is critical of military intervention in Iraq, stating that the invasion ended a brutal regime but that the Coalition's leaders are wrong to describe it as a humanitarian intervention
The situation in Iraq is extremely complex. In some areas, American and Coalition efforts have helped Iraqis to make real progress toward transforming their economy, polity, and society. What's more, many basic factors in the country augur well for real progress if the pace of reconstruction is maintained. By the same token, there are also numerous negative developments in the country, many the result of mistaken American policies (from Foreign Affairs)
This report follows and builds on two earlier studies from the Carnegie Endowment, Iraq: A New Approach (August 2002) and Iraq: What Next? (January 2003). The first of these proposed a fundamentally new approach to the disarmament of Iraq: a comply-or-else, nonnegotiated regime of coercive inspections. The second analyzed what the UN inspectors had achieved as of January 2003 and argued for pursuing an enhanced inspections process over an invasion of Iraq, until and unless inspections were obstructed. The report attempts to summarize and clarify the complex story of weapons of mass destruction and the Iraq war. It examines the unclassified record of prewar intelligence, administration statements of Iraq’s capabilities to produce nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and long-range missiles, and the evidence found to date in Iraq. It draws findings from this material and offers lessons and recommendations for the future
Many early observers of our democracy predicted that public opinion would be fickle, making democratic governance and particularly the prosecution of war difficult. The data below contradict that assumption. Americans are never spoiling for a fight. But once convinced of the justness of a cause, they are resolute. They give their Presidents considerable latitude in the conduct of foreign policy once a basic level of trust has been established. The magnitude of the 9/11 attacks, the personal response of President Bush, and the response of his team gave the administration instant credibility in an area where the President previously had average marks
The purpose of this Needs Assessment is to inform the Donor Reconstruction Conference scheduled for October 23-24, 2003, of the current status and priority reconstruction and rehabilitation needs in each sector, focusing on the most urgent requirements for 2004 and indicative reconstruction needs for the period 2005-2007. IN addition, this report strives to put the sector assessments in their proper context, highlighting the need for a sustainable approach to reconstruction and development, and outlining a number of policy reform options. Overall investment needs along with a discussion of absorptive capacity are provided in the final chapter
The Mideast Road map approved on December 2002 is a performance-based and goal-driven roadmap, with clear phases, timelines, target dates, and benchmarks aiming at progress through reciprocal steps by the two parties in the political, security, economic, humanitarian, and institution-building fields, under the auspices of the Quartet. The destination is a final and comprehensive settlement of the Israel-Palestinian conflict by 2005.
Security Council lifts Sanctions on Iraq, approves UN role, calls for appointment of Secretary-General’s Special Representative. Resolution 1483 (2003) was adopted by Vote of 14 in Favour to None Against, with Syria Not Participating
